Free Essay on Eugenics

Free Essay on Eugenics Eugenics focused on the idea that the heredity was everything. How relevant is such a perspective in relation to criminality today? This paper focuses on aspects of eugenics as an element that has for a long time in history been considered as paramount in controlling human reproduction. The paper addressed the various eugenic practice in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as in the contemporary world, particularly in the western hemisphere. The main reasons why certain human racial groups embrace the use of this practice are also addressed. The relevance of eugenics to the various societies used, in relation to criminality today, are widely discussed in this paper. Eugenics is a scheme that is widely used to enhance an improved human race through a controlled reproduction. This is a practice that became common, reaching much popularity between the late 19th century and the Second World War (Glass 1999, p. 89). A good example of the wide use of eugenic principles was when the German Nazis carried massive sterilization and genocide. Other eugenics forms have been practiced across the universe and are effective in contemporary China, where the population is strictly limited. Major advancements research in medicine such as the human genome project, the society, is still striving to resolve various issues of ethics emerging from eugenic theories (Glass 1999, p. 89). Eugenics is the practice and theory that has been used to improve the generic quality of the human population; it is a social philosophy which advocates genetic traits of humanity, by promoting higher reproduction of individuals with certain desired traits and reducing people of less desired traits (Weikart 2006, p. 57). Positive eugenics encourage higher reproduction of individuals while negative eugenics is viewed as an undermining factor to humanity, because individuals perceived to belong to such category face the risk of being killed as a way of elimination. In the 20th century, ideologies resulting from negative Eugenics led to mass genocide of the Jews during the Hitler’s regime. Elimination of individuals in regard to traits of race and ethnicity has commonly been used in mass murder of certain populations in Europe and North America (Weikart 2006, p. 57). For instance, the genocide of the native Indians in the North American regions is a good example of racial profili ng emerging from eugenic ideologies. Eugenics considered the heredity as everything and many individuals did not want certain traits to be passed to the succeeding generation. Certain traits were considered inferior by some groups and faced the risk of being eliminated. In the early 20th century, social Darwinist viewed medical care as relatively weak and an increased ability to survive, contrary to letting nature take its due course of effective elimination of people (Weikart 2006, p. 57). In Germany, fear was growing among certain individuals that the intervention of medics and welfare policies enabled weak and relatively improvised citizens to sap and survive the nation’s resources. Such ideologies emerging from particular sub-racial groups in Germany expressed how eugenics were considered as everything. Most groups who supported such ideologies felt that the weaker racial or ethnic groups, did not have any right to use the country’s resources (Weikart 2006, p. 57). From one region to another, the mode of reaching the conclusion that a group was inferior highly varied. Support for eugenics in the early 20th century was common across various regions of the world, especially in North America and Europe. There were movements across diverse regions in support of eugenics, openly supporting more birth rates of the fittest individuals and less for the unfit (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). People who supported the weak or unfit population groups in the society were highly criticized and the term â€Å"racial hygiene† was introduced to encourage aspects of eugenics. For instance, a movement leader in the United States, Margaret Sanger declared more children from the fit and less for the unfit as the key issue of controlled birth rate (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). This concept by Sanger was readily accepted by communities across the US during the first decade of the 20th century. By 1912, a total of 34 states in the US had already passed laws that rightly denied insane people the right of marriage. Nine states denied epileptic people the right of marriage while 15 states banned the mentally challenged people from marrying each other. Criminal justice of this period continued to be greatly motivated by both economic and social considerations in their arguments that, various feeble minded citizens would not be allowed to pass their undesirable traits to the generation that followed (KüHl 2002, p. 49). Eugenic ideologies became more common throughout the period before the Second World War. Western Europe was characterized by similar eugenic ideologies with criminal justices of various European countries completely in support of such eugenic reasoning. The criminal justice systems of various countries during this time, supported groups thought to be fit by the authorities (Turda Weindling 2006, 107). The unfit groups were not protected by the judges and did not have the rights of marriage in most cases. The proponents of eugenics commonly played a major role in nationalistic fears of diluted stock of race. In Europe, issues of race were used in eugenic profiling barring various sub racial groups in the region from multiplying. The US mainly held eugenic ideologies in regard to common disabilities such as mental and physical challenges. Prior to the Second World War, leading physicians and biologists welcomed an idea by Hitler, one race at the epitome of the new state of Germany (Marrus 1989, p. 90). This resulted into concentration camps as well as genetic research on human beings that defined the Holocaust. The contemporary eugenic ideologies The early 20th century foresaw hundred thousand of Americans who were considered unfit, forcibly being sterilized for what was dubbed as a process of improving the human race. The Criminal Justice in one of its darkest historical chapters sanctioned the process declaring that three generations of unfit Americans were enough. It was not surprising for many Americans during this time to deem the communities they considered unfit or weak, as nothing of the kind. Such communities lived as the most vulnerable group in the region. This is one of the darkest chapters of the United States, which was prevalently characterized by major offensive of the community as well as the Criminal Justice (Thomson 1998, p. 102). The west coast state of California had higher cases of eugenic laws showing higher levels of racial profiling in the America’s History. In the last few decades, eugenic ideologies are still common among individuals and criminal justice of the US, though at a mild rate. According to revelations by a new report compiled by the Centre of Investigative reporting, it was found that between 2006 and 2010 elements of eugenics took place in a health care Centre, in California (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In this report, doctors working under contract at the Californian Correction and Rehabilitation department were alleged to have sterilized at least 150 female inmates without any approval from relevant authorities. In order to sterilize such people, it required approvals from the top medical official in the Sacramento, as required by the Californian state law. These are shocking revelations at a time when most people thought issues of eugenic did not matter anymore (Bauman 2013, p. 44). The revelation is a true testimony that, in the contemporary America, eugenics are still considered as highly important among certain individuals. Issues of controlled birth rates are highly popular in the western societies. Although issues of eugenic ideologies are not much rampant in the region, there are groups that are racially discriminated and face the risk of being sterilized contrary to their wish. Many health professionals in the western societies argue; the cost of being sterilized is relatively small as compared to the cost of rearing a larger number of children. Doctors in the United States are occasionally reported having been engaged in sterilizing procedures of prisoners, especially female inmates (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In most cases, these doctors inquire about the size of inmates’ families before performing sterilizing procedures. Most targeted prisoners were pressured to have various tubal ligations. Inmates with numerous children were sterilized as medics expressed their procedures was only meant to empower the prisoners to have manageable families. In the United States, individuals with many children find it difficult financing the upbringing of the large number of children. For inmates, having a large number of children is seen as a burden to the society, as children need somebody to take care of them (Hasian 1996, p. 68). Issues of eugenics ideologies on the inmate communities are commonly reported across different states of the US. Most of these medics do not seek approval of the state as it is taken as a noble act. More plausible explanations by various professional doctors who have been performing sterilizations, state sterilization as a procedure is commonly done to many people who volunteer to have themselves sterilized. These doctors feel taking the collective responsibility of ensuring that people have lesser, and easily manageable number of children would be ideal for quality life (Hasian 1996, p. 68). For such reasons, inmates with a big number of children should face similar procedures to ensure children are offered the best quality of life. The North American region, particularly the US, has for many years been characterized with forced sterilization. Cases of a continued eugenic genocide in the contemporary America are not a surprise to the majority of people living in the US and abroad. In the modern day society cases of eugenic ideologies, only lack the brutality the Nazis exercised in Germany, before the Second World War. Although today’s societies lack the brutal elements experienced in the early 20th century, there is a war against the weak, which is operated at milder conditions. Horrors of racial hygiene and cases of forced sterilization of inmates, the mentally ill and the poor, have been common in the state of California for decades. In other states, this practice was legal until in the 1970s (Mazumdar 1992, p. 81). Throughout the US, most states made this practice illegal and did not eliminate it. The view of children as a gift from God was no longer applicable in these scenarios. California was the first state in the US to prohibit the sterilization of individuals viewed as weak in the society. Similar to prisons in other parts of the US, the practice, was not eliminated and inmates perceived to be weak were sterilized. Various groups from different parts of the world have been protesting sterilizing of weak communities in today’s societies, all in vain (Hasian 1996, p. 68). This is because most practices taking place across different prisons in the US are not timely detected and most of the inmates falling victims do not disclose their ordeal. In the 21st century, social progressives view eugenics as an ideal tool for both social improvement and reform. Conservatives view eugenics as a tool that has for long been used to limit groups of lower income and reduce their caring cost. There are various ideologies overlapping these political agendas. For example, in the Great Britain and Scandinavian movements of eugenics, the aspect of race played a relatively minor role. This is simply because the majority of people living in this region belong to similar racial groups (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In the North American region, the Anglo Saxons were the majority group and viewed the other groups from either southern Europe or Africa with great suspicion and occasionally blamed them for various social problems like crime, poverty and prostitution. The world may have forgotten the famous steps of Hitler in his dream of creating a super race, but similar practices are still in the contemporary world societies. Cases of eugenic practices in the modern societies are relatively mild, unlike eugenic procedures in the early 20th century, which were commonly brutal (Hasian 1996, p. 68). In today’s society, eugenic practices are considered as important as they were in the past. The recent cases of sterilization of prisoners in the US are good examples of eugenics practices in modern societies. Eugenic of the modern day society are secretly evident unlike in the twentieth century, when social policies widely embraced elements of eugenics to groups that were considered as weak or unfit (Bauman 2013, p. 44). Although major cases of eugenic practice are commonly reported in the United States, most of these incidences happen on extremely discreet occasions. If you need a custom essay written from scratch by professional writers you can get professional writing help from AdvancedWriters.com.

Technology Essay - 1161 Words

In todays world, technology is constantly changing from a new paperclip to an improvement in hospital machinery. Technology lets people improve the way they live so that they can preserve their own personal energy and focus on the really important factors in life. Some people focus their energy on making new innovations to improve transportation and the health of people that may save lives and some people focus on making new designs of packaging CDS. Technology is significant in everyones life because it rapidly changes what is in the market. But, some new innovations of technology are ridiculous because they serve no purpose in helping mankind. In Ellen DeGeneres article ,This is How We Live, describes all the examples of†¦show more content†¦She reflects that human laziness is the result of modern technology that keeps improving until one day we just have to use our minds to control everything so that physical action does not have to take place. One of the new pointless te chnologies is the automatic brushing toothbrush. It is interesting how mankind has become so lazy as to not move their arm side to side to brush their teeth and have made an automatic brush where there is no need to move your arm side to side. Modern technology seems to be only innovated because of the need to have new designs and appearances to attract customers and make these inventors filthy rich. These inventors need to spend more time on improving machinery that handles life and death situations instead of trying to figure out a new way to package a DVD. This technology is one of the major reasons why so many people in America are obese. To work so hard at the gym and then coming home to watch television and using less calories in regular chores, is making it difficult for people to lose weight than in countries where technology has not improved. (PA) In Langdon Winners article, Technological Somnambulism, praising the different technologies that influence the human activity an d reshaping that activity. When a sophisticated new technique or instrument is adopted in medical practice, it transforms not only whatShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Technology907 Words   |  4 PagesOther Name With the advancements of technology, what past generations have defined as traditionally being ‘intelligent’ is outdated in today’s age and Millennials have found new ways to be just as capable as the old generation. Elevating learning in a way that was once unimaginable in the past, technology is forging a path to open a brighter future built on achieving knowledge by technology and Millennials are taking wide strides across that path. Has technology truly been nothing, but a detrimentRead MoreEssay On Technology And Technology779 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Technology Actually Make Us Feel More Alone? When I think about the question of technology and the ability it has to make us feel â€Å"alone†, I think about myself, my family and my friends. As a millennial, I have grown up in such a technologically advanced world that it is becoming more and more of a second nature that children at young ages of 10 and 12 are receiving their first cellphone. While time progresses and the need for technology rises, our society as a whole is slowly startingRead MoreTechnology And Conversation : Technology971 Words   |  4 PagesRyan Fletcher 09/21/2015 Essay 1 Technology and conversation It is amazing how everyone’s life is changing by through us of technology. â€Å"Technology by definition means, the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science†(Technology). Today people use different kinds of technology like: cellphones, iPods, laptopsRead MoreTechnology And Modern Technology1392 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I see children as little as two using technology, I get worried. My niece Savanna loves having touch screens in her little hands, but it makes me wonder if her childhood could be wasted on the constantly developing technology of today. When I was a child, it was typical to go outside, get a little dirty, run around and have fun outside. Sadly, not all children are the same. How will these children feel? Will they be glad they were a part of the â€Å"app generation† or will they regret it later onRead MoreTechnology And Application Of Technologies Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesNew technology and application of technologies can enhance your professional Personal, and academic productivity in many ways. In the professional hospital setting technology has greatly increased patient satisfaction and safety. In a personal setting technologies have changes the way many people live, care for their families and pay bills. New technology has also greatly improved the academics with online classes, research, and. These new technological advances have greatly improved the way I canRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology957 Words   |  4 PagesAre we becoming way too dependent on technology and allowing it to take over our lives? The majority of people own at least one or more of these devices: a computer, laptop, tablet, or a cell phone. So man y people seem unable to function through their daily routine without having access to some form of technology device. I’m willing to bet that you have at least two of these devices in your home, too. Now, stop and think about how often we use technology devices throughout the day. As a result ofRead MoreEssay On Technology And Technology747 Words   |  3 PagesFull Title: Technology Appropriation Studies have shown that technology can help young children learn. The use of technology has become a part of most curriculums and when used appropriate it can be effective. The use of technology in early childhood classes can extend the way young children are learn. The use of technology can enhance learning, can help children communication, can become resourceful, and can shrink the educational and digital divide preparing them for the changing world. TheRead MoreTechnology And Technology Essay780 Words   |  4 Pages Technology Men who were exposed to electromagnetic radiation from laptop Wi-Fi for four hours had sperm with DNA damage and decreased motility. Technology can be good but as the saying goes, a little too much of something can be bad. Technology is great but can have a huge impact on an individual. Too much technology can even affect families and the way people communicate and socialize with them. All of this can also affect people in the long run. How would someone’s life be if all they do is surroundRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Technology1411 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology and its Effects The term technology originated from the Greek word ‘technologia’. Technology refers to the use of machines and various tools that make our daily work lives simpler, easier and organized. The word also refers to the different tools, gadgets, and resources used by humans so as to help them control and adapt to their environment appropriately (Bridgman, 5}. Technology also refers to the knowledge of techniques and processes and is embedded mostly in machines used as factorsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology971 Words   |  4 Pagesme, the technology is just like a door which brings me to an absolutely new world. It is also like a wire that connects me and the outside world. The first thing that I do before getting up and the last thing that I do before going asleep is checking my cell phone. Every day, I do homework, write blogs, send and receive emails, take photos, know about the latest news, and chat with friends with the aid of technologies. My attitude toward technology is complex. I am obsessed with technology which makes

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The Conceptual Framework Of Quantity Theory Of Money Essay

2.2 Conceptual Framework of Quantity Theory of Money A number of frameworks have been introduced by the economists regarding the concept of Quantity Theory of Money. Ajuzie Immanuel, et.al. (2008) opines as â€Å"The concept of the Quantity Theory of Money (QTM) was introduced in the economic theory in the 16th century. Jean Boldin in his book reprinted in 1924 argued that the reasons for the rise in French prices were abundance of gold and silver, monopolies, scarcity, the pleasure of princes, and devaluation of the currency. He asserted that prices had increased higher than they were fifty years back in France. He was primarily interested in determining the causes of the price rise in France. According to Boldin, gold and silver were used as currency in France and due to the over use of such items prices had increased. It was one of the first statements that linked price movement to movements in money stock (Klein, 1970). He noted that the increase in the supply of gold and silver used as money caused an increase in demand for Frenc h goods, resulting in the increase of prices at home abroad. In the 1690s, John Locke developed monetary theory and elaborated the discussion by examining the effects of money on trade, the role of the demand for money, and the importance of interest rate on the economy. He believed that money is a medium of exchange in trade (Klein, 1970) and that the amount needed depended on the â€Å"quickness of circulation†, which we today refer to as â€Å"velocity† ofShow MoreRelatedEconomy and State: A Sociological Perspective724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary Economy and State: A Sociological Perspective, written by Nina Bandelj and Elizabeth Sowers, explains the economic foundation of the state by discussing the governance of property and money, in correlation to labor and firms, ending in economic development and internationalization/globalization. Bandelj and Sowers’, target audiences for this book seemed to be intended for those individuals wanting to learn the basics of economics from an economic sociology perspective allowing readersRead MoreCapital Asset Pricing Model ( Capm )1552 Words   |  7 Pagesand Black (1972). This model calculates expected/required rate of return for any risky financial asset. Capital Asset Pricing Model formula is shown in figure 1.1. Essentially, this represents investors need to be compensated for their time value of money and risk. Beta is measure of volatility and will be further examined in later stages of this essay. For example, if our particular company has a high standard deviation of the rate of return, an investment in the company might appear undesirable.Read MoreThe Relationship Between Money Supply And Price Level Essay2261 Words   |  10 PagesCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The relationship between money supply and price level is very influential topic in the field of macroeconomic literature, which has received greater attention among government agencies, policy makers and researchers. This topic has been continuously discussed in the economic society since 16th century. The general price level of every economy is being continuously reported to be high from 16th century to present 21st century except some years. TheseRead MoreCase study 1 â€Å"Robert L. Crandall: American Airlines†1701 Words   |  7 PagesCEO of it. He is recognised with his innovative thinking and work habits. He had come out with new labour relation concept. Moreover, He had implemented the two-tier wage structure, during the period where the others airline were terminating large quantity of employees. He had asked the union to reduce the wage rate for new workers, while the salary of the existing workers will remained as same. Crandall also developed the automated ticketin g and reservation system with IBM. The others innovative creationRead MoreImpact of Budget Deficit Policy1328 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated to the budget is a budget deficit, a policy which the state revenues are less than the state expenditure. To overcome the lack of revenues, effected by way of debt owed, whether sourced from domestic and abroad, issued a bond, or by printing money (Seignior age). Indonesia there has been a change in the policy of state revenues and state expenditures (the state budget) on the â€Å"New Orde† era and the â€Å"Reformation† era. In the â€Å"New Orde† era applied a policy of budget and state expenditures balancedRead MoreDifference Between Managerial Accounting And Financial Accounting2490 Words   |  10 Pagesspecific, he failed to realize the importance of cost, efficiency and the quality of his product as well. The case of Alston Manufacturing illustrates how damaging it can be to a company when information presented does not remain true to the conceptual framework of accounting. This paper will discuss all of the various owners, their key decisions, and how those decisions affected others. Before we discuss this in further detail, it is important to explain the difference between managerial accountingRead More My Philosophy of a Constructivist Mathematics Education Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Understanding is a measure of the quality and quantity of connections that a new idea has with existing ideas. The greater the number of connections to a network of ideas, the better the understanding (Van de Walle, 2007, p.27).† My philosophy of a constructivist mathematics education At what point does a student, in all intents and purposes, experience something mathematical? Does it symbolise a student that can remember a formula, write down symbols, see a pattern or solve a problem? Read MoreLending System3694 Words   |  15 Pagespresent study. The most relevant materials to the current study were selected and presented in this chapter. RELATED LITERATURE Diwan and Chakraborts (1998, Modern Teacher) explain that production theory places a pure emphasis on capital as the key ingredient to the success of a company. This theory is based on the idea that capital and labor are substitutes. If the enhance reducing costs, thereby increasing profits as well as production exists, any excess of non necessities of labor can be compromisedRead MoreThe Phillips Curve Was Originated By Sir A. W. Phillips2498 Words   |  10 PagesPhillips curve’ was originated by Sir A. W. Phillips in 1958. Historically, Phillips (1958) plotted 95 years UK data on wage inflation against unemployment. He discovered a short run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. Therefore, he posited the theory that, falling unemployment might cause rising inflation and a fall in inflation might be possible by allowing unemployment to rise. If government wants to reduce unemployment rate, it could increase aggregate demand, although this might temporarilyRead More The Promotional Strategies of Bulls Eye Water Refilling Station; Its Positive Effects2880 Words   |  12 PagesSECTION 2. Policy. - It is the policy of the State to protect and promote the health of the people. Towards this end, it shall ensure that potable, safe and affordable drinking water is available to all the people by adopting a comprehensive policy framework to regulate the activities of the drinking water businesses. SECTION 4. Coverage. - This Act shall apply to all types of drinking water businesses that shall include both the bottled water and water refill station business. SECTION 5. Registration

Contract Analysis Lease Agreement free essay sample

I. What is the Consideration on both sides of this contract? Defined (in my own words), consideration is something of value that is given in exchange for getting something from another person. In my case, rent payments are paid to my landlord in exchange for the right to rent the house. II. Are there any conditions in the contract (precedent, subsequent, or concurrent)? Concurrent. There is a part in our lease that states that we receive a check back from our landlord, in the amount of $400. 00 every four months. This money we get back is compensation for the upkeep of the land surrounding the house. We take care of the yard clean-up, and the landlord refunds us three times a year. III. Is there a cancellation provision; and, if so, is it for one or both sides of the contract? Yes. There are two provisions in our lease contract that state (1) it allows the landlord to break the lease upon sale of the home. We will write a custom essay sample on Contract Analysis: Lease Agreement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We were asked if we were interested in â€Å"renting to own†, however we werent. Weve agreed, and put in the contract, that if our landlord finds someone whos interested in purchasing this home, she has the right to break the lease. On the other hand, we sign a brand new lease every year. If for any reason during the time period of that year, we cant make our payments for some reason, our landlord can evict us, and we are still responsible for every months rent after that until the year is up. IV. No, there arent any parts of this contract that I would consider unconscionable, illegal, or contrary to public policy. V. Is this contract required to be in writing under the Statute of Frauds? The Statute of Frauds requires certain contracts to be in writing (which my contract/lease is), and that its signed by all parties and those parties are bound by it. ) Our contract does not involve the sale or transfer of land. b) In my contract/lease, I’m not answering for the debt or duty of another. c) My contract/lease is signed every year. The Statute of Frauds states that its impossible for the performance to take place, or be completed in one year. My contract is. d) Also, my contract/lease doesnt call for the sale of certain goods under the UCC. VI. No, there arent any provisions of the contract/lease that I consider ambiguous, vague, or contradictory. VII. What are the provisions for default under the contract? A default would be if I failed to live up to the lease contract. Say if I was unable to pay the rent every month, then my landlord could take repossession of the house. VIII. What are the remedies available to each side? Along with my responsibilities to pay the rent, keep up the yard work, and other lessee duties, my landlord also has duties. The remedies available to me are that in circumstances where the safety of the home are an issue, my landlord needs to take care of that. My house needs to be structurally safe, rodent and insect free and so on. If my landlord neglected to take care of any of these issues or issues like this, then I would have the right to an abatement or a reduction in my rent. The remedy for a breach varies upon the state in which you live. In some jurisdictions you can reduce the amount of rent until the landlord fixes the problem. In other states, you must file a lawsuit and demand money damages. You may wish to consult with a landlord-tenant attorney or create a post in an online law forum to determine what the law is in the state where you live.

Falling From Grace free essay sample

This paper discusses the book Falling From Grace by Katherine S. Newman. This paper analyzes the book Falling from Grace by Katherine S. Newman in which she describes how different prototypical Americans have lost their footing on the upward climb of the American Dream. She puts blame on social and economic changes that have been occurred over the past decades and how this has managed to get people to rethink what The American Dream is all about. From the paper: The great American Dream has changed from one generation to another in its particulars. For some it was home ownership, for others a chance to send their children to college, for others a chance to escape the city for the suburbs. But for each generation, regardless of these changing specifics of what it might mean to be a successful American, an essential part of the dreams of those Americans buying into the national dream was that each generation would be better off economically (and perhaps in other less tangible ways as well) from their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Falling From Grace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

What can be done about prison overcrowding Essay Example

What can be done about prison overcrowding Essay Prison overcrowding has escalated to almost uncontrollable heights and needs to be resolved with urgency. It has been cited as the major reason behind the inefficiency of the prison systems today as correctional facilities.   As professor Craig Haney in the article’ prison overcrowding:   harmful consequences and dysfunctional reactions’ noted the history of prison overcrowding dates back to the 1970’s and early 1980’s when the number of inmates outdid the number of prison staff. It was clear that supervising and overseeing of the inmates posed a challenge to the prison staff who barely knew the inmates by name. Locating or rather tracing their where about also became an issue for them. Up to date the problem of prison overcrowding has spread across the states. The largest prisons in the US that is Texas and California have not been spared as the level of overcrowding has risen by over six to eight fold in a span of two or so decades. Overcrowding in p risons makes it difficult for the facilities to operate optimally.A major factor that aggravated the prison overcrowding is the minimal funding by the federal government. Over the years the federal government failed to match its funding towards the prisons with the increasing numbers. (John D and Morrison P 30).   Without the adequate funding the living conditions in the prisons have become unbearable. In most case they leave the prisons in a worse state than they got in them. (Stephen 340).   The facilities available at the prisons are not enough for the high numbers of inmates causing instability in prisons. The resultant effect of this is that the inmates are subjected to immense or rather chronic suffering both physically as well as psychologically. Identification of inmates with psychological problems which could be effectively handled is very difficult and this precipitates the inefficiencies in prisons as correctional facilities. (Kupers T and Toch H 34).The high numbers of inmates makes it impossible to effectively implement the various rehabilitation programs as the number is too large to handle. The educational needs of inmates are ineffectively addressed leading to high illiteracy levels in the prisons and this is worse for the society as on return to the society on completion of their term the inmates are most likely to find themselves in crime to survive. Allocation of assignments is also problematic with the high numbers of inmates. Some will have to stay idle as there is simply no work for them. As the saying goes ‘an idle mind is the devils temple’ they have enough time to equip each other with evils skills on how to commit worse crimes than those that took them to jail. The idle time also leads to their engagement in other activities like sexual evils like rape or drug trafficking. (Craig Haney).Prison overcrowding makes the prison facilities tools of inflicting pain on the inmates rather than assisting them become responsible citizens whose aim is national building. The prison staff is also negatively affected by the overcrowding problem. For them with a call to ensure that the lives of convicted criminals have reformed high frustrations engulf them. This is attributed to the fact that the prevailing conditions in the prisons make it hard to realize this goal. Such frustrations only make the bad situation worse as some may respond in harsh manner to the inmates. (Craig Haney). Overcrowding is also dangerous for the prison staff as the inmates can easily collude and overpower them.Prison overcrowding can also be blamed on the high rates of recidivism. (Stephen 340). With the increased numbers of inmates in prisons it is possible for the inmates to collude with the prison staff in engaging in illegal activities like drug trafficking. This can be carried out without the notice of concerned parties due to the high numbers of prisoners. Prison overcrowding also causes delays in the realization of justice esp ecially in states where judges are supposed to make their verdict after they have established that there is space or room in the prisons.Various strategies can be incorporated to help resolve the problem of prison overcrowding. The federal government can increase its expenditure on the criminal justice system and especially on the current prisons. Another strategy of handling the issue of prison overcrowding would be through the application of legal measures geared towards reducing the inflow of inmates in prisons. This approach would be criticized on the grounds that it would be a source of injustice not only to the victims of crimes committed but to the society at large.   A society must have laws by which all people must abide by and failure to do this there would be more lawlessness jeopardizing the stability of nations.   Offenders ought to be punished according to the stipulated laws until constitutional amendments are made. Alternative punitive measures are also cited as a way of reducing the flow of traffic in the prisons today. Proponents of this approach have the assumption that the high numbers in prisons may be due to the fact that judges imprison people for minor offenses like a breach of license.   In cases where people are imprisoned for serious criminal offences then this would not be an effective strategy as it would be a source of injustice in the society. However, for the minor offences the application of fines, restitute programs like home arrest or house arrest under parole or electronic monitoring would suffice in reducing the overcrowding in prisons. (Lemert 445).Making the prisons more effective would be a positive step towards making the overcrowding problem in prisons a thing of the past. Effective and efficient prisons will easily identify the needs of inmates and hence handle them appropriately. Some inmates are in prisons due to the psychological problems and should they be identified and handled effectively they would be rel eased into the society as responsible citizens. (Kupers T and Toch H 34). Making the prisons effective without compromising on justice would only be attained when more prisons are made and more prison staff employed. When prisons are large enough to accommodate the prisoners identification would be possible and inmates would be handled effectively.IV. PURPOSE OF THE PROPOSAL:The problem of prison overcrowding is one that needs to be effectively addressed with the urgency that it deserves if sanity is to be realized in the current prison systems. It is important to ensure that prisons maintain their title as correctional facilities where rehabilitation takes place leaving inmates better people than they got into prisons.The purpose of this proposal is to provide a solution that will see the problem of prison overcrowding put to rest.   It will highlight the possible benefits that will be accrued should the proposed strategy be successfully implemented. It will also highlight the po ssible impediments to the success of this strategy.All in all it will be very important to the policy makers who will easily identify the pros and cons it entails. Policy makers who in this case will involve the law makers of the various states area very critical population is as far as the successful implementation of the proposed strategy is concerned. They will be able to weight the benefits as well as the costs to establish its viability. It may highlight some issues that they probably could have not thought about.V. SCOPE OF THE PROPOSALBuilding more prisons is a very applicable strategy as a solution to the overcrowding problem in the US prisons today. For sure the federal as well as the state governments will be required to dig deeper into their pockets but the benefits will make it worth the while. In as much as the current system is condemned for being ineffective in as far as the rehabilitation of criminals is concerned its success has been hampered by the uncontrollable n umbers of inmates in the face of minimal facilities. In some instances the inmates have their beds along the gyms as well as along the hallways. Minimal space is a core problem leading to the inefficiencies in the prison facilities. America cannot afford to reduce to reduce the traffic of inmates by jeopardizing on justice. To this regard the numbers of prisons cannot be reduced while compromising on justice. Criminals must be punished for their crimes and according to the constitution.VI. METHODOLOGYConstruction of more prisons will require adequate time and cannot be done over night. The strategy must be highlighted and presented as a proposal before the law makers who must then vote for it. (Steinhauer J). This way the states can release the finances required to carry out the construction of more prisons. There is need to increase funding towards the prison facilities. For decades the funding towards the prisons has not matched the increasing numbers and it would only be natural to increase the funding as the population at large has also increased tremendously. The mere logic behind this would be that crime rates a decade ago cannot be the same today as there has been an obvious increase in the population. More people have been born and those who probably did not have the criminal intent ten years ago would be having it at the moment. Migration has also intensified over time due to various factors like ease and affordable transport or search for better and stable environments. This has also led to changed demographics in the country overtime and has led to increased populations. A good example of the application of the construction of more prisons in resolving the prison overcrowding issue is the plan by the state of California to spend a tune of $8.3 billion in the construction of the largest prison system in US. The regions law makers passed this motion which had the backing of both the democrats as well as the liberals who argued that crime ought not to go unpunished on the grounds that there is no room to accommodate the prisoners. In other words inadequate facilities will not deter punitive measures from being carried out. The state was to relocate over 160000 inmates to other prisons across the state while taking others in unused prisons that only require some renovation. (Steinhauer J).More prisons would translate to adequate space that will ensure effectiveness in prisons as correctional facilities. It is important to note that more prisons should come along with more and effective programs like on education, health facilities especially on drug and mental health and this will see the prison facilities attain their role as rehabilitation institutions.The major impediment to this strategy is the voting process which is likely to face opposing viewpoints with some arguing that the state as well as the federal government at large has various programs or projects that spending more finances on prisons or rather criminals may not g o well with some. (Blumstein and Wallman   ). The argument here would be that the tax payer’s money should be spent on more important objective like on health care as well as education. (William 115).V REVIEWSAlbert Blumstein and John Wallman. 2000. The crime Drop in America: CambridgeUniversity press.Chapter 4: the limited importance of prison expansion talks of the limited importance of expanding the current prisons as a way of resolving the overcrowding problem in prisons. Cites the numerous projects like health care and education that the federal government has before it.Diivlio John, J and Piehl Morrison. ‘Does prison pay? The stormy national debate over the cost effectiveness of imprisonment. Brookings Review. Fall 1991 P 30Diivlio and Morrison argue that prison overcrowding is the major cause for the ineffectiveness in the prison systems today. The increasing numbers of prisoners failed to match the government funding a factor that saw the prisons ineffective a s some inmates left the prisons worse than they were when they were when they got there.Levilt Stephen. The effect of prison size on crime rates. Evidence from prison overcrowding litigation. The quarterly journal of economics. 1996.   p340Stephen argues that the increased rates of recidivism are to be blamed on the high rates or level of prison overcrowding which makes the prisons ineffective. He argues that chances of prisoners committing crime on release to the societies are high especially for the younger inmates a proof that in prisons inmates acquire bad traits in prisons.Spelman William. The limited importance of prison expansion in the crime drop in America, Cambridge university press.   2000. p 115William opposes the construction of more prisons with on the basis that it will not be an effective approach to handle or rather resolves the overcrowding problem in prisons.Kuppers D and Terry. Prison Madness. The mental health crisis behind bars and what we must do about it. 1999Terry and Kuppers highlight the problem of identification especially for those with mental problems. They also suggest that there is need to reform the current systems to make them more effective.